Critical periods for weed control in cotton in Turkey

Field studies were conducted over 4 years in south‐eastern Turkey in 1999–2002 to establish the critical period for weed control (CPWC). This is the period in the crop growth cycle during which weeds must be controlled to prevent unacceptable yield losses. A quantitative series of treatments of both increasing duration of weed interference and of the weed‐free period were applied. The beginning and end of CPWC were based on 5% acceptable yield loss levels which were determined by fitting logistic and Gompertz equations to relative yield data representing increasing duration of weed interference and weed‐free period, estimated as growing degree days (GDD). Total weed dry weight increased with increasing time prior to weed removal. Cotton heights were reduced by prolonged delays in weed removal in all treatments in all 4 years. The beginning of CPWC ranged from 100 to 159 GDD, and the end from 1006 to 1174 GDD, depending on the weed species present and their densities. Practical implications of this study are that herbicides (pre‐emergence residual or post‐emergence), or other weed control methods should be used in Turkey to eliminate weeds from 1–2 weeks post‐crop emergence up to 11–12 weeks. Such an approach would keep yield loss levels below 5%.     

植物育种的物理学方法

介绍了草原生态恢复中选育优良牧草种子的一些物理学方法,包括电场、磁场、物理辐射、激光、离子束和交变应力等在植物的生物学效应、诱变育种和转基因技术中的应用.     

海河平原区棉花饲用黑麦复种方式及水肥利用效率分析

2011年10月-2014年10月连续3年在河北省任县安排了定位试验,通过饲用黑麦不同播期与棉花构建几种棉草复种茬口搭配方式,从产量、经济效益、水分利用效率和养分利用效率以及对土壤肥力影响等方面综合分析棉花饲用黑麦复种的可行性及复种方式。结果表明,棉花可与饲用黑麦复种,为降低饲用黑麦对棉花的影响,饲用黑麦可适当推迟到10月20日播种,次年4月底收获,效益可提高5470.1元·hm^-2。棉花饲用黑麦复种与棉花单作相比,平均水分利用率提高16.49%;水分经济利用效率提高56.54%;并且土壤有机质平均增长幅度提高5.71%,土壤含盐量平均降低幅度达到23.72%,土壤改良效果明显;是适用于该区域的高效复种模式。     

浅谈二种生活用具在棉花自交与杂交中的应用

棉花在栽培过程中,为了获得好性状的棉珠,利用自交与杂交技术进行育种,本文论述小铁夹和吸汽水管方法的精髓及注意事项。     

Hyperspectral Models for Estimating SPAD Value of Cotton Leaves under Waterlogging Stress

[Object] To setup the hyperspectral sensing models for estimating SPAD value of cotton leaves under waterlogging stress. [Method] Irrigation and drainage controllable plots were introduced to simulate the waterlogging stress treatment in the flowering and boll forming stage, during which the change characteristics of the cotton leaf spectral reflectance and SPAD value were observed after 1 d, 3 d, 6 d, 9 d waterlogging, respectively. To find out the hyperspectral sensing models for estimating SPAD value of cotton leaves under waterlogging stress, the correlation and regression relationships between SPAD value and spectrum parameters were analyzed. [Result] (1) The SPAD value of the fourth cotton leaf from the top was significantly lower than control when suffers from waterlogging for 3 d, when waterlogged 9 d the SPAD value decreased by around 15% compared with the control. (2) The cotton suffering from waterlogged damage in the flowering and boll forming stage caused the reflection peak in green light wave band became steep, while the near infrared spectral reflectance increased, and caused the reduction of red absorption and red edge position "blue shifts", the red edge position drifts towards short wave with 4～5 nm when suffers from waterlogging for 9 d. With increase of the waterlogged days, the red edge slope and red edge area increased with a maximum value at 6 d of waterlogging, meanwhile, the skewness and kurtosis of red edge increased. (3) After waterlogging, the SPAD value of the fourth cotton leaf from the top (chlorophyll content) had a remarkable correlation with red edge slope(Dr), red edge position(λr), green peak reflection(Rg), green peak position(λg), red well position(λo), blue edge area(SDb), yellow edge skewness(Sy), yellow edge kurtosis(Ky), red edge skewness(Sr), red edge kurtosis(Kr), etc. An experience linear, polynomial and exponential models for estimating SPAD value had been built through using the Sy, Sr, Kr as independent variables, respectively, their determination coefficient (R²) were greater than 0.9, and the root mean square error (RMSE) were less than 1; and an experience binary linear regression equation for estimating SPAD value had been built through multivariate regression using the λg, SDr/SDb(VI3), Sb, Sy, Ky as independent variables, the R² was as high as 0.973, and the RMSE was 0.393. [Conclusion] The model can be remote sensing model used as estimating leaf SPAD of cotton value under waterlogging stress.     

棉花蔗糖合成酶基因家族在纤维发育期时空表达模式分析

蔗糖合成酶(Sucrose Synthase)是调控植物糖类代谢的关键酶之一,在植物生长发育及渗透调节过程中起着重要的作用。该酶为多基因家族,各成员在植物不同组织及不同发育阶段发挥不同的作用。陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum)中有15个Sus成员,本研究利用转录组高通量测序及实时定量PCR技术,检测了该基因家族的表达模式。结果表明,Gh Sus1D、Gh Sus3A、Gh Sus3D和Gh Sus6D在起始期(0~3 DPA)大量表达;GhSus7D在10 DPA的纤维中表达量快速增加,达到同期突变体胚珠的4.7倍;Gh Sus1A、Gh Sus5D在纤维伸长期(5~15 DPA)表达量显著高于胚珠,分别在10 DPA、15 DPA时达到峰值;Gh Sus3A、Gh Sus3D、和Gh Sus6D在纤维发育(15 DPA)时表达量重新上升,且在20 DPA时仍处于较高表达水平。Sus基因家族组织表达模式分析表明,它们在陆地棉品种徐州142野生型和突变体中的组织表达模式基本相同,根、茎、叶、花中没有显著差异。但不同Sus基因具有不同的组织表达特异性。     

心房钠尿肽基因敲除小鼠的鉴定

研究心房钠尿肽基因敲除小鼠(ANP-/-小鼠)的生物学及病理学特性。ANP-/-小鼠与C57BL/6小鼠饲养于SPF级环境中,观察小鼠的繁育状况及其生物学特性,选取合适时间处死小鼠,通过HE染色观察脏器形态及组织结构。ANP-/-小鼠的繁殖周期比C57BL/6长,产仔率较低;ANP-/-小鼠肝脏、肺脏、脾脏较C57BL/6小鼠的有明显炎症反应,但是C57BL/6小鼠未见明显的病理改变。提示ANP基因的缺失可能与炎症发生有关。说明ANP-/-小鼠繁殖较慢、产仔率低,且正常繁殖的普通小鼠不会引起器官的病理学改变。但作为一种在心血管、代谢疾病上的动物模型,并与炎症甚至肿瘤有可能的未知联系的转基因动物,其很有研究和探索价值。     

棉花支持政策对新疆节水灌溉发展的影响

新疆农业用水占到全社会用水量的95%,面对水资源的紧缺,大力发展节水灌溉至关重要。棉花作为新疆种植面积最大的农作物有义务承担节水灌溉的重任。从棉花支持政策入手,运用最小二乘法,分析棉花支持政策对新疆节水灌溉发展的影响,结果发现财政支农投入和信贷支农投入的增加都对新疆节水灌溉发展有一定的促进作用。因此提出加大财政支农和信贷支农的相关对策,以加快新疆节水灌溉发展。     

棉花产品质量安全与风险评估研究进展

总结了近年来在棉花纤维技术、种子分子检测技术、棉副产品综合利用和质量安全风险评估技术等方面的研究新进展,分析了我国当前棉花质量安全领域存在的问题,提出了解决质量难题的技术建议。